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### Mid-term Exam

• Next Wed. (Oct. 28)
• Will be short-answer type questions.
• Includes all lecture and reading materials
• Introduction to GIS
• Geospatial data
• Data quality
• Basic vector analysis (not raster)

## GEOG*3480

### Basic Raster and Vector Data Analysis Part 1

John Lindsay
Fall 2015

• Jensen and Jensen Chapter 6

### Lecture Outline

• Introduction
• Vector data analysis
• Buffering
• Overlay operations
• Raster data analysis
• Distance operations
• Local raster operations
• Neighbourhood operations
• Zonal operations

### Introduction

• We carry out analysis on geospatial data to uncover important spatial relations, gain understanding about some phenomena or system, and perhaps to inform some decision.
• We commonly classify spatial analysis ops as 'Vector' or 'Raster' but 1) often the same analysis can be perform using either model (e.g. buffering), and 2) many types of analysis involve both raster and vector data.
• 'Basic' raster and vector analysis includes a class of ops that are fundamental to a wide range of applications and are common in practice.

### Vector buffering

• Buffering is the creation of a zone of interest around a spatial entity or set of entities
• Implies the calculation of distance
• We are usually interested in the Euclidean (straight line) distance
• Distance between points i and j can be calculated as:

$$d=\sqrt{(X_i - X_j)^2 + (Y_i - Y_j)^2}$$

### Vector map overlay

• GIS is based on the concept that you are able to combine one or more geographic layers
• Map overlay is the technique, or collection of techniques, for combining spatial layers
• Can be used purely for visualization purposes or to answer questions and derive new information, i.e. new spatial layers
• Combining two maps using an overlay technique always results in a more complex map, i.e. More polygons, arcs and nodes than either of the two original images
• This can be a problem for visualization

### Vector map overlay

This is a bad example of identity because the identify layer is completely contained in the input layer.